Descriptive mangrove plants structure (zonation) is one of the sustainable utilization of ecological management tools in coastal plants formation for the determination of Avicannia marina (Harra) forest structure in Harra biosphere reserve of Persian Gulf, Hormozgan Provice coastal regions, using line transect block-random design and quadrate plot random-systematic design. By the formation of 68 sampling plots parameters of 421 individual Harra trees were considered for statistical use. Mangrove vegetation in this region extending in an area of 9206 hectares with average individul's density of 859 trees per hectare (tr./hect.) having an estimated average height of 261.1 com and average trunk diameter from soil intersection of 17.8 cm. Crown average height and diameter of these trees were 220.9 and 230.1 cm respectively with existing average estimated aerial breathing roots number of 243.8/ m2 of substratum with an average length 13.4 cm. Average number of shed leaves for the same extension of substratum is estimated at 51.6 in Spring and 107.5 leaves in Autumn; seasons with significance difference of foliage between seasons. The average area of each individual leaves shed in both season being at 7.4 to 8.2 cm2 were not significantly different. Statistical analysis in this plantations showed that mangrove communities of this region cannot be segregated into independent integrates and they can be regarded as homogenous cover stand. Statistical association of considered parameters showed that by using regression line equations of crown area extend that is estimated aerial photography can be used to estimate other alternative parameters of trees within this region.

A permanent sample plot with an area of 6 ha is located on mid elevation of the Neka- Zalemrood forest, south of Sari in northern Iran. After fencing the plot, a metal tag indicating tree number was installed on each tree. A full calipering was conducted, which was followed by measuring the diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of selected trees. Forest structure, proportion of dead wood, and proportion of tree species were studied for a period between 2006 and 2012. Results of the inventory of the total 2375 trees in 2012 showed three storeys and an uneven-aged structure in Fagus orientalis-Carpinus betulus forest type. Further results included mean tree number of 389 ha-1, mean basal area of 43 m2ha-1, mean stand volume of 538 m3ha-1, and De' Liocourt factor of 1.38. Dead trees accounted for 3.1% of the total tree number and 5.7% of the stand volume. Comparison between the two inventories (2006 and 2012) showed that beech trees gained a higher proportion among the tree species in almost all diameter classes, while hornbeam lost more of its presence in the diameter classes.Amongst the DBH classes<30cm, the proportional difference between beech and hornbeam was more obvious. Compared to hornbeam, Parrotia persica and Diospyrus lotus showed more presence in the DBH classes of 30 to 50cm. Volume of damaged trees (broken, hollow, snag and log) was accounted for 97 m3ha-1, while for dead wood was 30.6 m3ha-1. Within the six-year study period, hollow large trees have been fallen down. Mortality of trees in DBH classes<50cm provided a lot of scattered small gaps within the stand and supported the establishment of younger individuals and cohorts. In addition, almost 9.6 m3ha-1, comprising 1.6% of the total volume, 28% of dead trees and 8.9% of damaged trees was decomposed. All in all the studies forest was concluded to be tending from the senility to juvenility in forest succession.

The permanent plot, with 6.1 ha area, is located on mid-elevation of Hyrcanian forests at district 3 of Section 5 in Neka-Zalem Roud forest project. After fencing the border of the area, a metal number tag was installed on each tree. The full census inventory method performed and in each diameter class, ten trees were measured for preparing of tree height curves. Tree frequency in height classes (or crown layers) was obtained in the basis of: the diameter classes in each height stage, tree frequency in diameter classes and relationship between tree diameter and height. Forest structure, dead trees (snag and log) and damaged trees (hollow and broken), and rate of them within the stand were analyzed. Results showed that the stand consists of uneven-aged Beech-Hornbeam (Fagus orientalis-Carpinus betulus) with three layers. De Liocourt factor of stand is 1.27; diameter and height regression is fitted with S form model. The ratio of Beech height increment is higher in ages before reaching to 45 cm dbh. Hornbeam trees have higher height increment speed in younger stages in competition to beech. Damaged trees contain 10 percent of the stand volume, of which one-third is hollow trees, one-third broken trees and the rest are snag and log.

Land cover is also important factor for protecting the soil against erosion. A fully forested watershed experiences relatively little surface erosion, but timber harvest alters the canopy cover, exposing the soil to water and wind. Forests provide the maximum amount of soil protection. Reduction of vegetative cover by forest harvesting generally increases the average surface runoff volume and sediment While, the hydrologic response of forest harvesting has been rarely considered. Towards this attempt, the present study has been conducted to investigate the effect of vegetation cover on hydrological components in plot scale (2m*1m) with four replicates in tow slope scale (0-20%, 20-40%) in Kheyrud Forest of Iran during December 2014 until December 2015. The rain depth was measured by using a rain gauge installed in the study area. The runoff volume and sediment yield were also measured through field data collection and lab analyses by weighting and decantation methods. The results of the study showed significant effects of vegetation cover (P ≤ 0. 01) on runoff volume and sediment yield. Natural forest without harvesting, forest with selective harvesting treatments exhibited the lowest amounts of runoff and sediments, with averages of 372. 31, 878. 96 cc, and 0. 08, 0. 17 gr m-2 respectively, in comparison to other treatments. Linear regression among mentioned parameters (precipitation, runoff, and sediment) were determined. The results show that there were significant correlation and linear regression among precipitation, runoff and sediment.

Zagros forests have a great effect on water and soil conservation in the west part of Iran. Therefore, it is important to prepare a complete management program for this area. The necessary qualitative and quantitative data can be gathered via inventory. Crown cover is a suitable factor to study in this area because the forests can not produce industrial wood. Consequently, volume is not a suitable factor to study. In this research, it is aimed to determine the suitable area and shape of sample plot for crown cover estimation. In Kohgiloye-Boyerahmad Province, a 2 hectare plot in Servak Forests near Yasuj was surveyed by full callipering method and the position of each tree was determined. Using GIS, a 30 hectare forest map was simulated according to the real field data. 30 sample plots in three shapes of circular, rectangular and square were chosen in a systematic random network (100×100 m). The surface area varied between 500 to 2500 m2. Standard deviation of the crown cover percent for each area and each shape was calculated. The "F" test of the figures' results showed that the least sample surface area for crown cover inventory is 800 m2 for all shapes. Comparing the ratio of perimeter to surface area of three chosen shapes, 800m2 circular sample plots was chosen as the suitable sample plot for the study area.

Fandoghlou forest is one of the most important recreational areas at regional and national levels, thus present study was aimed at determining the amount and intensity of damage to residual shrubs due to recreational activities in this forest. For this purpose, a part of forest that was as a forest park and affected by recreational activities was selected. Using a grid of 50*50 meter, a number of 86 circular plots with the radius of 5m were selected in the region. The results showed that about 56% of plots were moderately and heavily damaged. In order to determine the most affected variable, three variables were selected and analyzed using factor analysis. The results of factor analysis showed that scar length extended around 71% of total variations of primary variables, alone. On the other hand, the results of one-way ANOVA and Tukey test showed that regarding to the amount of damage to shrubs, scar length and scar area, there is a significant difference among different categories of plots (p value=0.000). The results also showed that there is a exponential relationship between the number of damaged shrubs and distance from the forest edge. Thus, it is concluded that recreational activities cause high damages to forest, hence rational planning and management should be conducted for reducing these damages.

Introduction and Objective One of the important and effective measures in controlling soil erosion and runoff production is the use of watershed management methods, which is currently receiving less attention. This natural phenomenon is a global environmental problem that reduces soil fertility and water quality, increases sedimentation and the possibility of floods. Therefore, using erosion plots in natural areas can play an effective role in controlling runoff and sediment production. The present study was prepared with the aim of investigating the effect of precipitation and vegetation on the production of runoff and sediment in the Noorroud watershed of Mazandaran province.Materials and Methods Noorroud watershed is located in Mazandaran province, the political area of Noor city, Beldeh and southwest of Amol, and the most important population center is Beldeh. This basin, with an area of 1299.78 square kilometers, is the largest sub-basin of Haraz River. To calculate the runoff from individual showers on a plot scale and two different land use types of hand-planted forest (Pine, Pinus halepensis) with seven and eight years old and rangeland lands, using test plots with a size of two by ten square meters with two treatments. And three repetitions were used in the months of April, April, June, October, November and December of 2016 and 2017 and Anova statistical analysis was used to check the relationship between the parameters.Results and Discussion The results of precipitation from 2017.04.17 to 2018.06.07 showed that the maximum amount of runoff occurred on May 31, 2018 and caused the production of 0.35 mg of sediment per plot unit. The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test also showed that the eastern domain has a normal distribution at the level of 0.95 for the two dominant types. The results of the correlation between the canopy and litter percentage of each land use showed that the presence of natural factors such as litter and vegetation canopy has a strong relationship with the weight of sediment produced in two treatments. The highest value of the runoff coefficient is for rangeland use (33%) and the lowest for hand-planted forest (31%).Conclusion and Suggestions  According to the obtained results, it was found that in general, the amount of runoff and sediment produced in forest areas is more than rangeland. On the other hand, there was less relationship with production sediment in the rangeland areas with the eastern slope. One of the main cases in the destruction of national lands is grazing beyond the capacity of rangelands and forests. This factor causes the destruction of the rangeland, and with not very intense rains, the resulting runoff moves some of the soil. Various factors are involved in the occurrence and aggravation of runoff and sediment, and considering the conditions of each region, one or two factors may play a greater role. The role of its use and vegetation under different rainfall conditions has an important role in the amount of runoff. Therefore, it can be seen that the presence of vegetation has a direct effect on reducing the amount of runoff and sediment. According to the obtained results, in order to improve the results, it is better to use artificial rainmakers in the natural field so that the role of vegetation can be better understood.

What structuralist narratologists have in common is that, instead of analyzing the actants of a literary genre based on traditional rhetoric, they analyze a literary genre as a systematic structure whose actants have internal links together. The plot or the sequence of events is the most significant element that both the first and the second generation of Narratologists have considered attentively. Although the first generation emphasizes on causative and effective sequence, the second generation, especially, Raymon Kenon, has also added the periodic sequence to that. The present study aimed at considering 300 Sufis’ revelations selected from 30 mystical prose from the 4th to the 7th Century. It was found that even though the combination of events had numerous superficial differences, they followed few similar patterns. The results also showed that, in addition to the causative or periodic relevance, the revelations had another kind of sequence whereby a unique moment of the mystic’s incoming is briefly narrated. These kinds of revelations are highly inspired by a type of French story which is called “Nouvelle - instant” revelation.

In order to determine the suitable sampling method for estimating of stem number per ha and percentage of canopy cover in the protective western oak forests of Iran (Zagros), a survey was carried out in Kermanshah province. For this purpose and based on cost and precision (E%2×T) criterion, two sampling methods: 1- transect by distance measurement between trees and 2- circular plot with area of 1000m2, were carried out in 50 ha area of the educational and research forest of Razi University, which was already surveyed by 100% inventory. For each sampling method based on systematic-random sampling design with 100m×100m dimensions, 50 samples were selected. In each sample plot and transect, the number of trees and some characteristics of trees such as number of coppice shoots, the least and highest crown diameter were recorded and measured. Results showed that the more suitable method for these forests in west of Iran is the circular sample plot with 1000m2 area.